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What is a bond?

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What is a Bond?

Bonds are debt instruments issued by governments and companies, as a way of raising money for new projects, business expansion, or other expenditures.

Bonds are typically issued with a maturity date, at which point an investor receives a fixed amount of capital (called the nominal value). For UK bonds, this amount is invariably £100 per bond – this means that if the bond is held to maturity, investors will receive £100, regardless of what the market thinks of the price in the meantime.

Between now and maturity, the bond pays interest at a specified rate, generally every six months. The rate of interest that a bond pays is meant to reflect the risk of these issuers. For example, UK government bonds (gilts) and US government bonds (Treasuries) are considered to be ‘risk-free’, as these governments are unlikely to default on their financial obligations, hence they tend to pay relatively low rates of interest.

The rate of interest on corporate bonds (i.e. bonds issued by companies) will typically be higher than government bonds as they come with more risk, given that a company is more likely to default on their payments than a government. That said, this depends on the issuers in question.

Although bonds can offer fairly reliable returns, issuers can default on their loans just like any other borrower. Generally, coupons on investment grade (high quality) bonds are more secure than on high yield bonds, and on government bonds versus corporate bonds (again, dependent on issuer).

As with all investments, bonds carry risk, and prices can go down as well as up. In particular, bonds are sensitive to inflation and interest rates, and expectations thereof, since most bonds pay a fixed rate of interest. If inflation is rising, central banks will likely increase interest rates, to encourage people to borrow less and save more – the theoretical reduction in demand for goods and services could then slow inflation.

Consequently, investors no longer prefer the lower rate paid by the bond, resulting in a decline in its price. The converse is true if inflation and interest rates are falling, or expected to fall. Some bonds are more sensitive than others in this regard.

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Our expert Investment team are in-house and work hand in hand with your Financial Advisor on a daily basis and whether you are new to investments or want to re­-evaluate your portfolio, we can help you.

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Invest for income

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What is Investing for Income?

Income investing is often thought of as a way of creating an income in retirement. It is also a valid strategy to generate an ongoing stream of income at any stage of an investor’s life – whether that’s to boost your existing income, to accommodate for unexpected life changes, or to cover a known expense such as a holiday.

Investing for income involves investing a capital sum, from which you then make withdrawals at regular intervals (e.g. monthly or quarterly). These withdrawals may be for

  • a fixed amount – a set monetary amount that doesn’t change over time, or
  • variable – for example, taking the ‘natural income’ generated by the investments depending on your requirements. Depending on the amount you withdraw and market conditions, the original capital sum may be left untouched or reduced over time.

Ellis Bates Financial Advisers Income Portfolios

At Ellis Bates, we appreciate that every client is different, and as such you need a portfolio to meet your individual circumstances. We provide a range of portfolios to suit different attitudes to risk and objectives, whether it is for capital appreciation, income generation, or a combination of the two.

If you require a regular income, our Income portfolios may be an ideal investment strategy.

Our Income portfolios are invested in a diversified range of assets (e.g. bonds and equities), by geography/region, company size, investment style and fund house, among many other considerations, to ensure that the income generated by your portfolio is not reliant on any single area of the market.

We seek stable investments that are paying out relatively reliable dividends on a regular basis.

That said, in our view, it is important to look beyond the yield. This is because companies generally set their dividend as a monetary amount.

Example:
If a company is paying £1 in annual dividends and its share price is £25, then its dividend yield is 4% (i.e. £1 / £25).

However, if the share price falls to £10 for whatever reason, the dividend yield is now 10%.

If this share price fall relates to something fundamentally weak with the company, then this may not bode well for the dividend, which the company may need to cut or suspend entirely in order to shore up its finances until conditions improve.

One key consideration is debt levels (also called gearing or leverage). Companies with higher levels of debt may struggle to keep paying a dividend over the long term, particularly if that debt is being used to pay the dividend. As interest rates rise, the debt may become much more expensive to service, which could put the dividend under pressure.

Each of our funds must make distributions every six months or more frequently (e.g. quarterly or monthly), so that we can pass these payments onto you on a regular basis, as needed. If you choose to withdraw the natural income from your investments, the amounts may fluctuate over time due to these differences in the distribution frequencies.

As well as paying a dividend, our blend of funds has the potential to deliver capital growth over the medium to long term.

Our Investment Services

We put you, and what you want your money to achieve, at the very heart of everything we do. The most important part of our investment philosophy is listening to your dreams and aspirations. Find out more about our investment services and see how our in-house Investment Team can help you.

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What is ESG investing?

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What is ESG Investing?

ESG investing is a criteria used to screen potential investments.

  • Environmental: Assessment of the impact companies are having on the planet today and in the future.
  • Social: Assessment of the social impact companies are having on people in the world.
  • Governance: Assessment of the structure, procedures and practices that control and direct a company.

Read more about ESG Investing and how we use ESG principles to screen our Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) funds.

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Ethical Investing

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By Kim Holding, Portfolio Manager

The world of ethical, responsible and sustainable investing is very fast moving and becoming increasingly complex. Not a day seems to go by without a new regulation or piece of legislation being proposed or enacted, to further promote sustainable practices, and hold businesses accountable for their impact on the environment and society.

How, then, can investors successfully navigate the landscape, and make sense of the information overload?

At Ellis Bates, our Investment Team has been managing Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) portfolios since 2008, demonstrating our deep roots in this area. To keep up to date with developments and filter out funds most worthy of our clients’ investment and trust, our investment process has naturally evolved over the years, more recently with the development of our SRI Framework. This Framework is a highly detailed tool that allows us to carry out an in-depth analysis on many factors including a fund’s alignment with the latest standards, investment philosophy, experience of the management team and engagement policies, to ensure the fund really is as ‘good’ as it says it is. As a living, breathing document, the Framework has undergone many developments and refinements since its implementation, and further revisions will be necessary as the landscape continues to evolve.

Utilising our Framework has allowed us to pinpoint several funds requiring further assessment. The most effective approach to clarify this information is to engage in discussions with the management teams – our well-established relationships with these teams significantly improves our access to valuable insights, enables constructive dialogues, and keeps us informed about their strategies and decision-making processes.

By way of illustration: this summer, our Framework brought attention to a fund in our SRI portfolios that exhibited notable exposure to UK water companies. Investors are no doubt aware that these companies have faced scrutiny in recent months due to their involvement in polluting rivers with sewage, and we recognise that addressing such negative environmental impacts is of utmost importance.

From our interactions with the fund’s management team, we established their beliefs and perspectives: a combination of events including outdated infrastructure (much of which dates to the Victorian era) and population growth (thus putting increased demand on this infrastructure) have contributed to these events. This can raise questions among observers as to why infrastructure dates back several decades, when investment in the industry has doubled since privatisation in 1989[1].

One area of criticism is that directors have allowed larger pay-outs to investors than on infrastructure investment. In economics, capitalism and socialism are opposing schools of thought: when capitalism is left unchecked, this can lead to inequalities and social injustices stemming from firms’ pursuit of profit. On the other hand, an anti-profit culture can result in a lack of dynamism in an economy, while failure by directors to make investor payments could violate their legal obligations under the Companies Act (which says, among other things, that they must act in shareholders’ best interests).

When capitalism or socialism is taken to an extreme, from an economic perspective, it can become necessary to restore balance. Indeed, water companies, regulators and government are responding positively to feedback from the Industry and Regulators Committee[2] who, following an investigation, have recommended measures to tackle these concerns. One example is providing new powers to regulator Ofwat, to closely monitor investment by the industry, and to hold firms to account[3].

Meanwhile, the fund’s management team is engaging with water companies to issue ‘use of proceeds’ blue bonds, where money raised is dedicated to specific projects such as upgrading infrastructure. The team – and we – continue to monitor the situation regarding pollution, while holding what they consider to be the most impactful names within the water sector, all of which should improve water security, and deliver better environmental and social outcomes.

We are reassured by the amount of time and research that the team has clearly dedicated to understanding this issue. Further, they have experience of engaging with companies on Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) matters, thus fostering positive change and promoting sustainability.

Is it time to build a more ethical portfolio?

As awareness and interest in ESG factors continue to grow, the trend towards responsible investing will only strengthen. Starting a portfolio and filling it with environmentally, socially and governance-minded investments doesn’t need to be difficult. To find out more, please speak to us today.

Sources
[1] Ofwat, March 2022. Investment in the water industry. Retrieved from https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/investment-in-the-water-industry/ (Accessed: August 2023)[2] UK Parliament, March 2023. Failures of regulators, water companies and Government leaving public and environment in the mire. Retrieved from https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/517/industry-and-regulators-committee/news/194330/failures-of-regulators-water-companies-and-government-leaving-public-and-environment-in-the-mire/ (Accessed: August 2023)
[3] GOV.UK, March 2023. Government supports new Ofwat powers to tackle water company dividends. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-supports-new-ofwat-powers-to-tackle-water-company-dividends (Accessed: August 2023)

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Investing in ESG benefits

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In this video we take into consideration the social and governance impact of ESG investing. We explore people and relationships, human rights, labour standards, employee engagement and gender and diversity and align them with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Are you interested in sustainable investment funds?

If you want to find out more about ESG investing or our sustainable investment funds, please get in touch and speak to one of our ESG investment Advisors.

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Environmental, Social & Governance

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Over the past few decades, there has been a growing interest and awareness in investing in companies that take into account environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors.

This type of investing – also known as sustainable, responsible or impact investing – aims to generate both financial returns and positive social and environmental impacts.

Sustainable investment funds

The origins of ESG investing can be traced back to the 1960s, but it was in the 1970s that the environmental movement gained momentum, with investors increasingly calling on companies to address issues such as pollution and resource depletion. And in the 1990s, corporate governance came into the spotlight following a series of high-profile corporate scandals.

ESG investing has its roots in the field of responsible investing (RI), which emerged as a response to growing concerns about the negative social and environmental impacts of businesses. RI investing initially focused on screening out companies with poor ESG records from investment portfolios.

Corporate behaviour

Over time, RI evolved into a more proactive approach that seeks to engage with companies on issues related to their ESG performance and influence corporate behaviour for positive change. This is often referred to as ‘active ownership’ or ‘impact investing’.

Today, ESG investing is a mainstream investment strategy used by institutional investors and individual investors alike. In fact, one in six investor respondents to a global responsible investing survey are committed to aligning their portfolios to net zero, with a further 42% intending to align their investment portfolios to net zero before 2050[1].

Responsible investments

While debate continues about whether doing well (financially) and doing good (morally) need not be mutually exclusive, the survey finds that more than two-thirds (69%) of respondents with exposure to responsible investments are satisfied or very satisfied with their returns to date.

Increasingly, investors are also reflecting more on what it means to be ‘responsible’. Specifically, many are actively considering what impact their investment approach can have on society and the environment. The survey identified one of the main reasons for including responsible investments in portfolios is the perception that they will lead to better risk adjusted returns when compared to ‘traditional’ investments.

Personal values

Investors’ concerns around major ESG issues continue to rise, and many are in the process of addressing at least some of these in their investment strategies. For some, it’s simply a matter of aligning their investments with their personal values.

Others believe that companies that manage ESG risks well are likely to be more financially successful over the long term. And still others see ESG investing as a way to generate positive social and environmental impacts.

How can you mix in ESG into your portfolio?

Climate change, demographics, biodiversity and the need for social justice are at the top of the agenda for many investors. The world of investment is catching up. An increasing number of funds now boast of their ESG credentials. If you would like to discuss how this could form part of your portfolio, please contact one of our ESG investment advisors for more information.

Important information: The value of your investments can go down as well as up and you may get back less than you invested.

Source data: [1] Aon’s Global Perspectives on Responsible Investing Report January 2022.

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Asset Allocation

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What is asset allocation and diversification?

Asset allocation involves diversifying your investments among different assets, such as equities, bonds, property and cash. Asset allocation may change depending on what works for you based on your financial goals and your ability to tolerate risk.

  • Cash: Cash equivalents and other forms of money can be easily accessed at any time.
  • Equities: Purchasing shares on the stock market, typically traded on the Stock Exchange.
  • Bonds: A fixed-income product representing a loan made by an investor, typically corporate or governmental, for a fixed period.
  • Property: Buying properties intending to make money e.g. rental income or selling a property.

When building our portfolios, we consider all the economic and technical market conditions that influence our exposures to the main asset classes of Ellis equities, bonds, property and cash.

We screen and choose all our funds, not just our Socially Responsible Investment portfolios, against a range of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors so you can see the impact your investments are having.

Read more on our screening process for sustainable investment funds.

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COP27

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By Kim Holding, Portfolio Manager

On 6 November, the 27th Conference of the Parties (the name given to the United Nations’ annual climate change conferences) began. Hosted this year by Egypt, COP is an important platform for nations to discuss and reach consensus on how to protect the world in terms of environmental issues. This year’s summit is expected to be a crucial point in the fight against climate change, as it seeks renewed solidarity between countries to deliver on their previously agreed pledges. Further, due to the scale of its potential impact, climate change takes a global effort so coordinated action is crucial.

Environmental issues have been at the centre of society’s concerns since the 1980s following disasters such as Chernobyl and the Exxon Valdez oil spill. In more recent years, climate change has been rising up public agendas. Further pressure to take action came in 2021 when the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported that unsustainable human behaviours (such as burning fossil fuels) have caused global temperatures to increase by 1.2°C since the 1850s, which is worryingly close to the globally agreed target of 1.5°C. According to the IPCC, this rise has damaged our planet in unprecedented ways which is, in turn, disrupting food and fresh water supplies, significantly impacting on our health and wellbeing, and putting life (both on land and at sea) at risk; and, further, that some of these effects are ‘irreversible’. Temperatures are expected to continue to rise, unless those unsustainable behaviours are addressed and greenhouse gas emissions are significantly reduced.

That said, temperature rises are not uniform across the globe, with some locations warming faster than others. Scientific research indicates that several of the world’s developing regions are contributing less to climate change, yet they are more vulnerable to its impacts, and in this regard they will continue to face much greater risks in the years ahead. One of the most widely publicised examples of 2022 is Pakistan which, following torrential monsoon rains over the summer, experienced the most severe flooding in its modern history, washing away villages and affecting millions of people; yet the country contributes less than 1% of the global carbon footprint. Another example is Africa, where large parts of Ethiopia, north-eastern Kenya and Somalia are currently facing their worst droughts for over four decades, yet the continent accounts for only 3-4% of global greenhouse gases. In contrast, approximately a quarter of emissions come from China, followed by about 12% from the US.

This non-uniformity of temperature rises is expected to be a key focal point at COP27 where world leaders, some of the world’s most influential businesses, environmental and faith groups, policymakers and think tanks are in attendance. While China, among other high-emitting countries, will not be at the summit, they – along with the US and other rich nations – are being urged to increase their financial aid to poorer countries. In doing so, this will allow the latter to deal with the impacts of climate change – for example, to establish green energy systems (to cut their own greenhouse gas emissions) and to improve their infrastructure (so they may adapt to hotter conditions).

This all comes at a time, though, when Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is putting increased economic strains on developed countries. That said, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in its October assessment of the world economy, a timely and credible green transition is not only critical for our planet’s future but will also help macroeconomic stability, since the relinquishment by nations of their reliance on Russia’s fossil fuels will enable a quick transition to clean energy, simultaneously putting them more in control of their own destiny with regard to energy prices. Thus, COP27 could represent a historic turning point in the global energy crisis and in the fight against climate change.

Companies demonstrating poor practices – whether they are damaging to the environment, have poor human rights records, or are poorly managed – are more likely to fail and won’t be around in years to come, so from an investment perspective, diligent investors simply will not look to invest. For this reason, we incorporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) considerations across all our portfolios, and SRI has always formed a fundamental part of our investment process. Our SRI portfolios provide our clients with a more targeted approach in tackling the world’s challenges, and every fund we hold must demonstrate that a socially responsible investment culture is intrinsic to their approach.

For more information on our SRI portfolios, visit our Socially Responsible Investing page at https://www.ellisbates.com/socially-responsible-investing/.

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Investments with Ellis Bates

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We put you, and what you want your money to achieve, at the very heart of everything we do. The Ellis Bates advantage for you is that our expert Investment team are in-house and work hand in hand with your Financial Adviser on a daily basis.

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Advantages & Disadvantages of ISAs

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ISAs are a type of savings plan where you can pay in lump sums and/or regular contributions. There are both advantages and disadvantages to having an ISA.

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